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The Language of Heraldic
Mottoes |
Clearly, one can give lists and lists of heraldic technicalities,
but even the examples already provided are sufficient to demonstrate
the strength of the French element in the language of heraldry.
There is one aspect of it, however, which is of a more imaginative,
rather than technical, nature. It is the language of heraldic
mottoes.
French
is one of the three main languages used in mottoes with English
coats of arms, the other two being English and Latin. Some mottoes
originated as war cries, e.g., Courage sans peur. Perhaps the
most famous example in this category is the Royal motto Dieu et
mon droit, which has been used by English sovereigns from Henry
VI. It was probably a war cry long before his reign, as King Richard
I is recorded as saying “Not we, but God and our right have
vanquished France at Gisors.”
The
“cri de guerre” of the kings of France was Mon joye Saint Denis.
The echoes of ancient war cries fill the battle scenes of
Shakespeare’s Henry V when the French noblemen are preparing to
engage into battle:
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Orleans: O brave spirit!
Dauphin: Via! les eaux et la terre!
Orleans: Rien puis? l’air et le feu!
Dauphin: Ciel! cousin Orleans.
[IV.2] |
Some
mottoes can be puns on the name of the bearer, e.g., Per se
valens – Perceval. Others refer to a charge in the arms to which
they are annexed, or to the crest above it, e.g., Soyes sage et
simple – the crest being: on a wreath a serpent nowed [i.e.,
tied in a knot], thereon a dove.
Most of
the mottoes express a sentiment, hope or determination, e.g.,
Garde la foy; Toujours prest; and Apprendre et tenir.
Obviously, Shakespeare’s motto Non sans droict also falls in
the same category. There is more than one explanation for the origin
of another well-known motto Honi soit qui mal y pense used by
the supreme order of knighthood – the Order of the Garter - and
sometimes displayed on the garter of dark blue ribbon in the Royal
arms. According to one version derived from the romantic episode
narrated by Polydore Vergil, during a festival at the court of
Edward III the Countess of Salisbury dropped her garter and the king
picked it up himself. Observing the significant smiles of the
onlookers, he tied it round his own knee and uttered the celebrated
words. Another theory belongs to Camden, the antiquary, who says
that the order originated at the Battle of Crécy, when Edward
ordered his garter to be displayed as a signal for the attack.
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