King John (John Lackland) (r. 1199-1216) 

As the result of the loss of Normandy in 1204, the English nobility lost their estates in France. Many Norman landholders chose to stay in England, spoke Anglo-French dialect

Barons revolt against John, Magna Carta (1215), origins and development of Parliament

Henry III (r. 1216-1272), son of John, was a "Francophile", many Frenchmen were given official positions

A growing spirit of nationalism within England showed itself in the outburst against foreign favourites at the court of Henry III

Edward I (r. 1272-1307), son of Henry III, conquered Wales and waged war with Scotland

Gradual decline of French cultural dominance in England

Rise in use of English, smoothing out of dialectal differences, beginning of standard English based on London dialect

Crusades and pilgrimages contributed to increase in communication and formation of common language